Document Type : Regular Article

Author

• Amel Assi

Petroleum Engineering department. Baghdad university

Abstract

Sustainable products are those that offer economic, social, and environmental benefits while safeguarding public health and the environment throughout their entire lifecycle, from raw material extraction to final disposal. Since the beginning of human understanding, technologies and societal expectations have continued to evolve. Therefore, sustainable products must constantly adapt to social and environmental diversity. In this study, ground Crushed palm leaves, sider leaves, egg shells and orange peels were utilized as an emulsifying agent to enhance the stability of petroleum emulsions, whether direct or reverse. The results show that using quantities of (5-15) grams supports the stability of the emulsions, indicated by the size of the separated portion within the API. The stability of the emulsions was assessed over a period ranging from 24 hours to 7 days. Compared to Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose (CMC), ground Crushed palm leaves performed the best, especially when 15 grams were added. Additionally, ground Crushed palm leaves and sidr leaves acted as a density reducer and filtration agent, and also contributed to increased viscosity and gel strength. The composition of cellulose in egg shells may serve as an alternative to carboxymethyl cellulose for increasing viscosity.

Keywords

• fluid
• mud
• rheology
• egg shell